{"id":1257,"date":"2010-02-22T12:29:15","date_gmt":"2010-02-22T09:29:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.tpilot.ru\/base\/?p=1257"},"modified":"2025-10-23T15:05:11","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T12:05:11","slug":"engels-e-r","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/","title":{"rendered":"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>1880-1916<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure data-wp-context=\"{&quot;imageId&quot;:&quot;69ed1146381b9&quot;}\" data-wp-interactive=\"core\/image\" data-wp-key=\"69ed1146381b9\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-lightbox-container\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"300\" data-wp-class--hide=\"state.isContentHidden\" data-wp-class--show=\"state.isContentVisible\" data-wp-init=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\" data-wp-on--load=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" data-wp-on-window--resize=\"callbacks.setButtonStyles\" src=\"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er-206x300.jpg\" alt=\"\u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\" class=\"wp-image-20078\" srcset=\"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er-137x200.jpg 137w, https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er.jpg 481w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\" \/><button\n\t\t\tclass=\"lightbox-trigger\"\n\t\t\ttype=\"button\"\n\t\t\taria-haspopup=\"dialog\"\n\t\t\taria-label=\"\u0423\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-init=\"callbacks.initTriggerButton\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-on--click=\"actions.showLightbox\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--right=\"state.imageButtonRight\"\n\t\t\tdata-wp-style--top=\"state.imageButtonTop\"\n\t\t>\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"12\" height=\"12\" fill=\"none\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 12\">\n\t\t\t\t<path fill=\"#fff\" d=\"M2 0a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v2h1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5h2V0H2Zm2 10.5H2a.5.5 0 0 1-.5-.5V8H0v2a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h2v-1.5ZM8 12v-1.5h2a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V8H12v2a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H8Zm2-12a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v2h-1.5V2a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5H8V0h2Z\" \/>\n\t\t\t<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a (8.02.1916), \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0441-\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d.<br>\n\u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f 16 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1880 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u044e, \u0432 1912 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u0434\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u043e \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438.<br>\n\u0412 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043c, \u0430 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 1914 \u0433. &#8212; \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0421\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0451\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d \u00ab\u041e\u0440\u0435\u043b\u00bb \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438. \u0418\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u043d (\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u0435 1915 \u0433.) \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0413\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0435\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0435, \u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u043d \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0443. \u0421\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043b\u0451\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c-\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0451\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u043b \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0443\u044e \u043b\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0443-\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c.<br>\n\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0412 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 8 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 (\u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f) 1916 \u0433. \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c &#171;\u0413\u043d\u043e\u043c-\u041c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0441\u0430\u043f&#187; \u0432 100 \u043b.\u0441., \u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0438\u043c \u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a &#8212; 170 \u043a\u043c\/\u0447\u0430\u0441. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438.<br>\n\u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u043c (\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c ?) \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 18 (5 &#8212; \u0441\u0442.\u0441\u0442.) \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1916 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0430. \u0412\u0437\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u0413\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 600 \u043c, \u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c, \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435: &#171;&#8230;\u0412 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u043d\u0436\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b, \u0432\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0442.&#187; \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u043e \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041e\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443, \u043d\u043e \u0442\u0435\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432.<br>\n\u041e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043a \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e: \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u0438 &#171;\u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043b\u043e\u043d\u0436\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430&#187; \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e &#171;\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435&#8230; \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e&#187;. \u0411\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f: \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<br>\n\u041d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430 (8 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1916 \u0433.), \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0442\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435 Ns 438.<br>\n&#171;1. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d &#8212; 4 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434\u044b.<br>\n2. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0433 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0435 &#8212; 7 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0443\u043d\u0434.<br>\n3. \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c (\u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443) &#8212; 170 \u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441.<br>\n4. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u044a\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0443 100 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 5 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442.<br>\n5. \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0430 200 \u043a\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0432.<br>\n&#8230;\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u044d\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d&#187;.<br>\n\u0422\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0430.<br>\n\u0411\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0431\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412 \u0444\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0435 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0412\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e &#171;\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043b\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0441-\u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430&#187;. \u042d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e &#171;\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 170 \u043a\u043c\/\u0447 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442 \u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438&#187;.<br>\n\u0412 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 1916 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u043f\u044b\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043b\u043e 60 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u044b \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044c\u044e 1917 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f 10 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u041d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e, \u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043a \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u043a\u0430\u043c&#8230; \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e.<br>\n\u041e\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0446\u044b \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f: \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043a B.\u041b.\u041a\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440 (\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438) \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a \u0412.\u0414.\u041a\u0438\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 &#8212; \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b &#8212; \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043b\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0438 \u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u041e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0448\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 1-\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u042f\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430, \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 14 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1916 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0412 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0434\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b \u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u041e\u043d \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043b\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043a \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0435, \u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&#171;\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u0434\u043e 1938 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430&#187; \/ \u0412.\u0411. \u0428\u0430\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, &#171;\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435&#187;, 1986 \/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0413\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \/ \u0410.\u041b\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0436\u0446\u0435\u0432, \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u21168 1978 \/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0421\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u044f \/ \u0410.\u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432, \u0422\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0438 \u21168 1978 \/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0410\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b: \u0418\u0437 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0433\u0438\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \/\u0413\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u0410 \u0411. \u2014 \u041c.: \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, 1989 \/<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bakupages.com\/frmpst-text.php?frm_id=226845&amp;frmpst_id=5865270&amp;cmm_id=276&amp;usp_id=0\">\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447<\/a> \/ Baku pages \/<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\">\u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/gbcvet.ru\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435<\/a>&nbsp;\u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0411\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0426\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u0414\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u044b \u00ab\u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0411\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0426\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0438. \u041e\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415.\u0420. (1880-1916)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[190,9,191,189],"tags":[487],"class_list":["post-1257","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-190","category-crash","category-letchiki","category-e-names-ispytateli","tag-morskoj-letchik"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 - \u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 (1880-1916)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 - \u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 (1880-1916)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-02-22T09:29:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-10-23T12:05:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"481\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"700\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"tmaster\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"tmaster\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"tmaster\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4f8a1c91025783c0f01cbdc0c133bb15\"},\"headline\":\"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-02-22T09:29:15+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-23T12:05:11+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":619,\"commentCount\":1,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-er-206x300.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\"],\"articleSection\":[\"1910-\u0435\",\"\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b\",\"\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438\",\"\u042d\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 - \u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-er-206x300.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2010-02-22T09:29:15+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-10-23T12:05:11+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 (1880-1916)\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-er.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-er.jpg\",\"width\":481,\"height\":700,\"caption\":\"\u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/2010\\\/02\\\/engels-e-r\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/07\\\/index15.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2024\\\/07\\\/index15.jpg\",\"width\":500,\"height\":160,\"caption\":\"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/vk.com\\\/aviapanorama\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4f8a1c91025783c0f01cbdc0c133bb15\",\"name\":\"tmaster\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ru-RU\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/2928ab94fdccc137ad50ef561efb5f7bca0885d218db1979eb7b751960b72ff8?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/2928ab94fdccc137ad50ef561efb5f7bca0885d218db1979eb7b751960b72ff8?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/2928ab94fdccc137ad50ef561efb5f7bca0885d218db1979eb7b751960b72ff8?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"tmaster\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/testpilot.ru\\\/base\\\/author\\\/tmaster\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 - \u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438","description":"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 (1880-1916)","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/","og_locale":"ru_RU","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 - \u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438","og_description":"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 (1880-1916)","og_url":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/","og_site_name":"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438","article_published_time":"2010-02-22T09:29:15+00:00","article_modified_time":"2025-10-23T12:05:11+00:00","og_image":[{"width":481,"height":700,"url":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"tmaster","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c":"tmaster","\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0447\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f":"4 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/"},"author":{"name":"tmaster","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#\/schema\/person\/4f8a1c91025783c0f01cbdc0c133bb15"},"headline":"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447","datePublished":"2010-02-22T09:29:15+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-23T12:05:11+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/"},"wordCount":619,"commentCount":1,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er-206x300.jpg","keywords":["\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a"],"articleSection":["1910-\u0435","\u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u044b","\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438","\u042d"],"inLanguage":"ru-RU","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/","url":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/","name":"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 - \u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er-206x300.jpg","datePublished":"2010-02-22T09:29:15+00:00","dateModified":"2025-10-23T12:05:11+00:00","description":"\u041c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 (1880-1916)","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ru-RU","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ru-RU","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2010\/02\/engels-er.jpg","width":481,"height":700,"caption":"\u0415.\u0420.\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/2010\/02\/engels-e-r\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430","item":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u042d\u043d\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441 \u0415\u0432\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#website","url":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/","name":"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ru-RU"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#organization","name":"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438","url":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ru-RU","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/index15.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/index15.jpg","width":500,"height":160,"caption":"\u0418\u0441\u043f\u044b\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/vk.com\/aviapanorama"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/#\/schema\/person\/4f8a1c91025783c0f01cbdc0c133bb15","name":"tmaster","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ru-RU","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2928ab94fdccc137ad50ef561efb5f7bca0885d218db1979eb7b751960b72ff8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2928ab94fdccc137ad50ef561efb5f7bca0885d218db1979eb7b751960b72ff8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/2928ab94fdccc137ad50ef561efb5f7bca0885d218db1979eb7b751960b72ff8?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"tmaster"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base"],"url":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/author\/tmaster\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1257","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1257"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1257\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20079,"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1257\/revisions\/20079"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1257"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1257"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/testpilot.ru\/base\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1257"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}